FiveThirtyEight

The Next Bechdel Test

Was the supporting cast at least 50 percent women?arrow

Did a woman write or direct the film?arrow

Did a female lead end up dead?arrow

Is there a black woman in the film?arrow

We pitted 50 movies against 12 new ways of measuring Hollywood’s gender imbalance.

By Walt Hickey, Ella Koeze, Rachael Dottle and Gus Wezerek

Get the data on Github

Published Dec. 21, 2017 at 11:15 AM

The Bechdel-Wallace Test — more commonly abbreviated to the Bechdel Test — asks two simple questions of a movie: Does it have at least two named female characters?1 And do those characters have at least one conversation that is not about a man? A surprising number of films fail the test. Although the test is punchy and has become pervasive, it doesn’t address the core inequalities in Hollywood films.

That isn’t a knock on the test. Alison Bechdel — an acclaimed cartoonist who was awarded a MacArthur “genius” grant in 2014 and whose memoir was adapted into a Tony Award-winning musical — in no way set out to solve Hollywood sexism when she wrote the test into a comic strip in the mid-1980s. Instead, she was drawing attention to the severity of the problem by showing how low you could set the bar and still watch Hollywood executives trip over it.

A third of the top 50 movies of 2016 failed the Bechdel Test

Hover to see movie names

Still, 30 years on, we’re not exactly sitting on a superior answer for measuring the movie industry’s gender imbalance. What does the next Bechdel Test look like? The time is ripe for a successor. Is there a short, punchy test we can apply? One that, if movies start passing it, would indicate that the industry is actually becoming better for both the women who make movies and the people who watch them? Is there a new test that could pull the modern film business in the right direction? And if there is, where on earth do we find it?

Here’s where we started: We reached out to more than a dozen women in film and television — writers, directors, actresses and producers — to ask what they think the next Bechdel Test should be. The answers we got ran the gamut. Some addressed representation behind the camera. Others zeroed in on the problems faced by women of color. Still others concentrated on characterization and story — how women are represented on screen. In the end, we boiled their responses down into 11 tests from our film-industry sources — plus one from our staffers.

We then used The Numbers database to identify the 50 top-grossing films at the domestic box office in 20162 and ran them through all our new tests. We split the 50 movies between nine FiveThirtyEight staffers, who watched each film with a clipboard, keeping track of all the things that our 12 tests were interested in.3 Every film was scored by two staffers, and any discrepancies in scoring were debated until we reached a consensus.

Hollywood does decently according to some tests — and absolutely abhorrently according to others.

Similarly, some films get OK marks — “Bad Moms,” “Hidden Figures” and “Independence Day: Resurgence” passed at least half of the 12 new tests. Others did not. “The Secret Life Of Pets,” “Deadpool,” “Doctor Strange” and “Rogue One” each passed only one new test. All told, it’s clear after this exercise that Hollywood is failing an entire gender on several fronts.

Tests that look behind the camera

Movies don’t just emerge fully formed from the ether; they’re the result of the labor of hundreds and often thousands of people. Most of those people are men. For example: The Annenberg Inclusion Initiative looked at 900 movies released over nine of the past 10 years4 and found that only 34 women had worked as directors on those films. If women aren’t in key creative roles — say, if they’re being drummed out of the industry by pervasive, top-to-bottom sexism — then it’s not surprising that the resulting work is skewed. In other words, for every gratuitous sexualizing shot of a woman in a film, there is (almost always) a guy deciding to shoot it that way.

So these three tests look at who makes the movies. Kate Rees Davies, a director, wanted to make sure that not only was there a woman in each and every department, but also that there was a second woman to back the first one up. Rory Uphold, an actress, wanted to see who was on set during filming, to see who was in the room when decisions got made. Jen White, a cinematographer, has developed a tiered metric for judging the gender balance of a crew.5

These tests that look at the behind-the-scenes crew are among the least flattering for Hollywood. And, in fact, the overwhelming maleness of film crews was repeatedly cited by most of the women interviewed for this story as a key cause of the issues they’ve experienced in the industry.

"To be honest, there’s no excuse for these kinds of numbers,” said Uphold. “You want to stop sexual harassment in the workplace? Hire more women. End of story."

The Uphold Test

Rory Uphold: writer and actress on “This Is Why We’re Single”

Picture of uphold

A movie passes if:

  • The on-set crew is 50 percent women
  • The Conjuring 2 By the numbersUsing names to estimate gender, “The Conjuring 2” was one of the worst offenders, with men accounting for about 90 percent of the crew.

    “On-set crew” refers to directors, second-unit directors and assistant directors, as well as people working in the camera, electrical, cinematography, production management and sound departments. We used Genderize.io to calculate the probability that the first name of all qualifying crew members belonged to a man, counting as a man any crew member whose name belongs to a man more than 90 percent of the time. We also performed a secondary check: We summed up the probabilities that each crew member was male based on their first name and divided that by the total number of crew. Since both those checks estimated that men accounted for more than 50 percent of every crew, all 50 movies failed. In fact, even the best-performing films — “Arrival” and “Moana” — had on-set crews that we estimated to be over 60 percent male. For these movies to get a “pass,” one in six of the people with names that are almost always masculine would have to be women.

    The Rees Davies Test

    Kate Rees Davies: director and producer

    Picture of rees

    A movie passes if:

    • Every department has two or more women
    • Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice By the numbersEven though the movie passed this test, men made up an estimated 73 percent of the crew of “Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.”

      We checked each department of each film to see if there were at least two people who had names that belonged to women 90 percent of the time or more. If a department failed that test, we checked to see if at least two generally-but-not-definitely female names or two gender-ambiguous names appeared. And if a department failed that test, we checked to see if all names in the department were most likely male (names that belonged to men at least half the time). Films for which all departments passed the first check passed the Rees Davies test. Films where at least one department failed the third check failed the test. For the leftover films with departments that passed the middle check — and when that department was decisive in whether a film passed or failed the test — we went through the people in that department individually, looking on IMDb, LinkedIn and personal sites to ascertain if two women worked there.

      The White Test

      Jen White: director of photography; International Cinematographers Guild member

      Picture of white

      A movie passes if:

      • Half of the department heads are women
      • Half the members of each department are women
      • And half the crew members are women
      • Don’t Breathe By the numbersWhile still failing, “Don’t Breathe” approached parity, with men making up around 54 percent of the crew.

        For the White Test, a department head was defined as the person who could win the Academy Award for the position — essentially anyone billed as a production designer, set designer, art director, special effects supervisor, visual effects supervisor, editor, stunt coordinator, animation director or director of photography. Plus, in the sound category, the production sound mixer, the re-recording mixer and the sound editor. The costume, casting, hair and makeup departments were excluded. Departmentally, this was determined using the same method we used for the Rees Davies Test, but with a 50 percent threshold rather than a two-woman threshold. For movies that can’t pass the full test above, White also gave us standards for a “minimal pass” and a “moderate pass.” Movies get a minimal pass if they have one woman in each department and one woman serving as the head of a department other than casting, costumes, hair and makeup. For perspective, 23 out of 50 films passed the minimal version of the White Test. The moderate pass called for 30 percent of departmental heads and 30 percent of each department’s crew members to be women, but no films cleared those thresholds.

        Tests that look beyond white women

        When women do get a break in Hollywood, they tend to be white. One study found that among the female leads and co-leads in the top 100 films6 of 2016, only three were members of an underrepresented racial or ethnic group. And that figure was identical to 2015’s. Young girls of color have a difficult time finding movie characters who look like them.

        “I feel like we all deserve that,” said Lena Waithe, the actress and Emmy Award-winning writer. “Everybody deserves to see positive — not positive, I’m not a big fan of that word — but accurate and layered and complex images of themselves.”

        These tests ask if films incorporate women of color at any level. In writer and actress Naomi Ko’s test, it’s as simple as a looking for a non-white, English-speaking woman who talks in five or more scenes. In Waithe’s test, it’s about a balanced portrayal. About 18 percent of the country is Hispanic or Latino, but Hollywood failed a simple test, from producer and writer Ligiah Villalobos, that looks for Latinas in film.

        “It is incredibly disappointing,” said Villalobos, “that we are at the end of 2017, that this country has over 50 million Latinos, and that these are the numbers relating to Latina characters in films.”

        The Waithe Test

        Lena Waithe: Emmy Award-winning writer on “Master of None”

        Picture of waithe

        A movie passes if:

        • There’s a black woman in the work
        • Who’s in a position of power
        • And she’s in a healthy relationship
        • Ghostbusters The Peanut Gallery says:“Why did it have to be the black character who wasn’t the scientist?”

          For animated films, we checked IMDb and counted a character as a black woman if she was voiced by a black woman. We counted a position of power as one in which a person exerted control over others or had at least one subordinate.

          The Ko Test

          Naomi Ko: writer; actress in “Dear White People”

          Picture of ko

          A movie passes if:

          • There’s a non-white, female-identifying person in the film
          • Who speaks in five or more scenes
          • And speaks English
          • Zootopia The Peanut Gallery says:“Mrs. Otterton is played by Octavia Spencer, so there is a non-white woman in the film. On the other hand, she speaks in two scenes.”

            Speaking means dialogue, not fight grunts. For animated films, we checked IMDb and counted a character as non-white if she was voiced by a non-white actor. Originally, the test didn’t specify that the character had to speak English but rather asked if she spoke “in the language of the release,” but all the movies we watched were English-language anyway.

            The Villalobos Test

            Ligiah Villalobos: producer; head writer of “Go, Diego, Go!”

            Picture of villalobos

            A movie passes if:

            • The film has a Latina lead
            • And the lead or another Latina character is shown as professional or college educated, speaks in unaccented English, and is not sexualized
            • Zootopia The Peanut Gallery says:“‘Zootopia,’ has Shakira, but her character is sexualized. How do you sexualize a deer?”

              We consulted IMDb to see if an actor identified as Hispanic or Latina in her bio. In animated films, we looked at the voice actors.

              Tests that look at female protagonists

              These three tests — from director Kimberly Peirce, producer Lindsey Villarreal and writer Noga Landau — look at women as characters who have needs and desires and who take actions stemming from those desires over the course of the film. (You know, they act like real people.) A surprising number of films fail to do even that much basic character development work with women. Often, women are reduced to stereotypes or tropes as soon as they’re introduced and then don’t get developed any further. And female characters frequently serve little purpose beyond causing plot problems for male protagonists, or having a baby with a male protagonist, or dying to raise the stakes for a male protagonist.

              The Peirce Test

              Kimberly Peirce: director of “Boys Don’t Cry,” “Stop-Loss” and “Carrie”

              Picture of peirce

              A movie passes if:

              • There’s a female character who is a protagonist or antagonist with her own story
              • The female lead has dimension and exists authentically with needs and desires that she pursues through dramatic action
              • And the audience can empathize with or understand the female lead’s desires and actions
              • Pete’s Dragon The Peanut Gallery says:“It’s Pete’s dragon, not Grace’s dragon.”

                The Villarreal Test

                Lindsey Villarreal: producer; assistant on “Mad Men,” “The Strain” and “Bates Motel”

                Picture of villareal

                A movie fails if:

                • A lead female character is introduced as one of three common stereotypes in her first scene: as sexualized; as hardened, expressionless or soulless; or as a matriarch (tired, older or overworked)
                • But a failing movie can redeem itself and pass if the lead female character is later shown to be three or more of the following:

                  • Someone with a career where she is in a position of authority or power
                  • A mother
                  • Someone who’s reckless or makes bad decisions
                  • Someone who is sexual or chooses a sexual identity of her own
                  • The Secret Life of Pets The Peanut Gallery says:“I thought the cat was introduced as hardened, expressionless and soulless.”

                    The Landau Test

                    Noga Landau: writer for “The Magicians”

                    Picture of landau

                    A movie fails if:

                    • A primary female character ends up dead
                    • A primary female character ends up pregnant
                    • Or a primary female character causes a plot problem for a male protagonist
                    • Deadpool The Peanut Gallery says:“Vanessa causes a plot problem for Deadpool: She’s hot and he’s embarrassed about not being hot.”

                      After seeing the results, Landau suggested that “male protagonist” be amended to “male hero” to exclude male antiheroes.

                      Tests that look at the supporting cast

                      The Annenberg Inclusion Initiative looked at every speaking character in the 100 top-grossing films of 2016. Only 31.4 percent of the 39,788 speaking characters were women. One reason for that: The majority of supporting roles, one-scene parts and bits as extras go to men. Does your protagonist report a crime to a cop? Cop’s probably a man. Do they get stitched up? Doctor’s probably a man. Their president’s probably a man, and the soldiers that he commands are likely men, too. Kate Hagen first picked up on this while watching a lecture by Geena Davis.

                      “I had never considered how strange it was that most one-scene roles or small parts in film end up going to men by default,” said Hagen, the director of community at The Black List.7 “You can never un-see it. The lack of women starts driving you mad. The same goes for crowd scenes: If we're in New York City, why is the crowd 70 percent male and 80 percent white?”

                      It may be easier for these oversights to slip through when women aren’t involved in key, high-level creative positions during the production of a film. These three tests — from Hagen, two of our movie watchers, and director Rachel Feldman — look past the top-billed actors and study the industry’s systemic casting issues by examining supporting casts and the background players who populate the world that the stars inhabit.

                      The Hagen Test

                      Kate Hagen: director of community at the scriptwriter group The Black List

                      Picture of hagen

                      A movie passes if:

                      • Half of one-scene roles go to women
                      • And the first crowd scene features at least 50 percent women
                      • Hacksaw Ridge The Peanut Gallery says:“First crowd scene is zero percent women.”

                        One-scene characters were counted up by each watcher and scrutinized for gender. To accommodate mildly different definitions of “one-scene character,” each movie-watching pair reconciled their list of one-scene roles to determine whether a movie passed or failed. In animated films, the gender that IMDb listed for the voice actor was considered when other ways of determining gender failed. A crowd was defined as any group in excess of 10 people. For films with no crowds and films where it was impossible to determine the gender of any crowds, that requirement was excluded and the movie passed or failed solely on the percentage of one-scene roles that went to women.

                        The Koeze-Dottle Test

                        Rachael Dottle and Ella Koeze: journalists — we helped do this project

                        Ella KoezeRachael Dottle

                        A movie passes if:

                        • The supporting cast is 50 percent women
                        • The Magnificent Seven The Peanut Gallery says:“There were so many dusty men in this movie — too many to count.”

                          Two of our frustrated movie-watchers came up with this test during the research process. To conduct it, we pulled the gender of all actors billed as “supporting” — that is, not lead, lead ensemble or cameo parts — on OpusData, and counted up the gender breakdown among the highest-billed roles (either the half of the supporting cast that had the highest billing or the 10 highest-billed supporting roles, whichever number is lower).

                          The Feldman Score

                          Rachel Feldman: director; former chair of the Directors Guild of America’s Women’s Steering Committee

                          Picture of feldman

                          A movie passes with a score of five or higher:

                          • 2 points for a female writer or director
                          • 1 point for a female composer or director of photography
                          • 1 point for three female producers or three female department heads
                          • 1 point for a crew that’s 50 percent women
                          • 2 points if there’s a female protagonist who determines story outcomes
                          • 2 points if no female characters were victimized, stereotyped or sexualized
                          • And 1 point if a sex scene shows foreplay before consummation, or if the female characters initiate or reciprocate sexual advances
                          • The Angry Birds Movie The Peanut Gallery says:“If she had had sex, that would have been the least offensive thing about this movie.”

                            Writers, directors, composers, producers and department heads were pulled from IMDb. A department head was defined as the person who could win the Academy Award for the position. Only those credited as “producer” — not “executive producer” or other adjective-modified producer — were counted toward the female producer quota.

                            We need more than one test

                            One test or metric isn’t going to change an entire industry that has top-to-bottom problems with giving women the opportunities that similarly qualified men get. Indeed, even the tests we have here face serious real-world limitations, relying on our judgment calls in places and gender probabilities in others. And many of these tests are scaled-back versions of ones that we would have loved to run if we’d had perfect information: We can’t reasonably ascertain the sexual orientation or race of 50,000 crew members, but many of the people we spoke to pitched us tests that included that information as one of their criteria.

                            Still, the trend we’ve identified here is strong, and the metrics used to gauge success or failure do make a difference. We can’t understand where the industry is falling short until we determine what “short” means by giving ourselves a mark to measure against. As a bare-minimum metric, the Bechdel Test does a good job of showing how amazingly far Hollywood is from gender equality. But it isn’t going to push the industry toward an identifiable goal. Many films that pass the Bechdel Test failed most of the new tests above.

                            In a time when Hollywood is beginning a cultural reckoning and certain abuses of power are getting the headlines and condemnation they’ve long deserved, it’s worth remembering the subtler and often more pervasive misogyny that empowers abusers and might be far more difficult to root out.

                            How the top 50 movies of 2016 scored on each test

                            Ranked from most passes to fewest

                            Movies
                            Bad Moms
                            Hidden Figures
                            Independence Day: Resurgence
                            Finding Dory
                            Ghostbusters
                            Allegiant
                            Arrival
                            Ice Age: Collision Course
                            Kung Fu Panda 3
                            Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
                            Sing
                            The Boss
                            The Girl on the Train
                            Boo! A Madea Halloween
                            Alice Through the Looking Glass
                            Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
                            La La Land
                            Now You See Me 2
                            Passengers
                            Pete's Dragon
                            Sausage Party
                            Storks
                            Suicide Squad
                            The Conjuring 2
                            The Purge: Election Year
                            X-Men: Apocalypse
                            10 Cloverfield Lane
                            Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
                            Captain America: Civil War
                            Central Intelligence
                            Don't Breathe
                            Hacksaw Ridge
                            Lights Out
                            Moana
                            Ride Along 2
                            Star Trek Beyond
                            Sully
                            Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
                            The Angry Birds Movie
                            The Magnificent Seven
                            Trolls
                            Zootopia
                            Jason Bourne
                            Rogue One
                            The Accountant
                            The Jungle Book
                            The Legend of Tarzan
                            Deadpool
                            Doctor Strange
                            The Secret Life of Pets
                            TestScroll for more»
                            Behind the cameraIntersectionalProtagonistsSupporting cast
                            Bechdel The Bechdel Test Uphold The Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting. Rees Davies The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department. White The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity. Waithe The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship. Ko The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes. Villalobos The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized. Peirce The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand. Villarreal The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical. Landau The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.Hagen The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes. Koeze-Dottle The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast. Feldman The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.✓The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.✓The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.✓The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.✓The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.✓The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.✓The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.✓The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.✓The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.✓The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.✓The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.✓The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            ✓The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.✓The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.✓The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.✓The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.✓The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.✓The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.
                            The Bechdel TestThe Uphold Test looks at the on-set crew — directing, sound, camera and lighting.The Rees Davies test looks to see if there are at least two women in every department.The White Test is a tiered system for measuring departmental gender parity.The Waithe Test looks to see if a film features black women in a position of power and in a happy relationship.The Ko Test asks if there’s a non-white character who speaks English and has lines in more than five scenes.The Villalobos test looks to see if there are any professional Latina characters who speak unaccented English and are not sexualized.✓The Peirce Test asks if a film has a female protagonist or antagonist, and whether that character acts on their desires in a way that the audience can empathize with or understand.The Villarreal Test looks at whether primary female characters are introduced in a stereotypical fashion, and if they are, whether they eventually become less stereotypical.The Landau Test asks if a primary female character ever dies, gets pregnant or causes a plot problem for a male protagonist.The Hagen Test looks at one-scene characters and crowd scenes.The Koeze-Dottle Test looks at the gender makeup of a film’s immediate supporting cast.The Feldman Score looks at the key creative principals and overall treatment of women to see if a film has a gender imbalance.

                            Additional contributions by Julia Wolfe.

                            Movie watchers: Kathryn Casteel, Tony Chow, Rachael Dottle, Meena Ganesan, Walt Hickey, Ella Koeze, Mai Nguyen, Gus Wezerek and Julia Wolfe.

                            Sources: Bechdeltest.com, Genderize.io, IMDb, The Numbers

                            1The comic that originally popularized the Bechdel Test did not state that the characters had to be named, but many people using the test, including the site Bechdel Test Movie List, have since adopted this requirement.

                            2FiveThirtyEight is owned by Disney, which also owns a number of the movies on this list.

                            3Some tests had questions with objective answers — for example, does the female lead end up dead? Some tests, though, asked more subjective questions — for example, does the film have a black woman in a lead role who has a healthy relationship? We used our best judgment in those cases.

                            4The Annenberg Inclusion Initiative did not do a study for 2011.

                            5Over 50,000 people were credited on these movies. As such, it would have been a big lift to check each person’s gender individually, so instead we approached the problem algorithmically. First, we pulled all the crew members’ names from IMDb. Then, we used Genderize.io to calculate the probability that a given first name was male or female. We counted crew members as men only if they had names that belong to men at least 90 percent of the time, which means a whole lot of people with slightly ambiguous names got sorted into one of our “we’re not sure” categories. Nevertheless, even using this forgiving threshold that almost certainly undercounts the number of men involved in a film, a lot movies still failed our tests — counting up names like John, Frank and Jack showed that there were more men than our tests would allow even before we had to consider the Jaimes, Taylors and Caseys of the world, who were probably-but-not-certainly male.

                            6In non-ensemble casts.

                            7The Black List is a screenwriter website that was instrumental in introducing us to many of the women featured in this piece.

                            Related Stories

                            Comments

                            Get more FiveThirtyEight
                            • Newsletter
                            • Videos
                            • Podcasts
                            • Twitter
                            • Facebook
                            • Data
                            • RSS
                            • Contact
                            • Jobs
                            • Masthead
                            • Privacy and Terms of Service
                            • About Nielsen Measurement
                            Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and Safety Information/Your California Privacy Rights/Children's Online Privacy Policy are applicable to you. Copyright © 2018 ABC News Internet Ventures. All rights reserved. Interest-Based Ads.