How to read political polls in 2024

Not all polls are created equal. Here's 538's guide to interpreting them.

September 16, 2024

Trump endorsed more Republicans in 2024 than ever before

The former president has taken over the traditional GOP endorsement apparatus.

September 13, 2024

How Taylor Swift's endorsement of Harris could change the election end game

Swift’s fans largely lean Democratic, but her support could boost engagement.

September 13, 2024

Early polls say Harris won the presidential debate

But it’s unclear how much, or whether, it will shift the race.

September 11, 2024

Why abortion was a bigger issue in the Harris-Trump debate | 538 Politics podcast

The 538 crew discusses how the issue of reproductive rights played a bigger role in the Harris-Trump debate compared to the previous debate with Trump and Biden.

September 11, 2024

How did the candidates perform at the debate? | 538 Politics podcast

ABC News politics reporter Brittany Shepherd shares insight into what surrogates said about the candidates' performance in the spin room after the debate.

September 11, 2024

Do Americans know Kamala Harris better after the debate? | 538 Politics podcast

538's Galen Druke and Nathaniel Rakich discuss whether Kamala Harris was able to define herself to Americans during the debate.

September 11, 2024

What polling says about key voting groups in the 2024 election

The 538 team discusses what polling reveals about young, older and first-time voters ahead of the November election.

September 10, 2024

What does economic data reveal about the November election? | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke and Geoffrey Skelley discuss the role economic sentiment could play in the 2024 presidential election.

September 10, 2024

6 primaries to watch in New Hampshire and Delaware

Both states pick their next governors this year.

September 10, 2024

What the polls say ahead of the Harris-Trump presidential debate

Americans think Harris will win, but she has ground to make up on key issues.

September 9, 2024

Customize our 2024 presidential election forecast

Pick the winner in a state to see how 538's presidential forecast would change.

September 9, 2024

What does the upcoming presidential debate mean for Harris? | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke and Nathaniel Rakich discuss the importance of Kamala Harris’s first presidential debate.

September 7, 2024

3 potential sources of polling error in the 2024 election | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke speaks with Ruth Igielnik of The New York Times about potential sources of error in polling.

September 7, 2024

The 2024 voting landscape is a recipe for confusion

High turnout and new voting rules could cause problems at the polls in November.

September 6, 2024

Can a smartphone app conduct political polls?

We clear up confusion over ActiVote, a prolific pollster with unique methods.

September 5, 2024

What issues are the most important to voters heading into November?

538's Galen Druke and Nathaniel Rakich talk with Ruth Igielnik of The New York Times about what issues are important to voters and which ones will become hot topics during election season.

September 4, 2024

How is Harris polling compared to Biden's 2020 performance? | 538 Politics Podcast

Ruth Igielnik of The New York Times talks about how Kamala Harris is performing among swing states and demographic groups.

September 4, 2024

Harris's candidacy has caused a surge in voter enthusiasm | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke speaks with Ruth Igielnik of The New York Times about how voter enthusiasm has shifted since Kamala Harris became the Democratic nominee.

September 4, 2024

Can you guess how Americans feel about Harris's platform?

Test your knowledge of what the public thinks about the VP’s policies.

September 4, 2024

Is the Democratic Party a strong party?

Democrats' ouster of Biden shows political parties may still have some muscle.

September 3, 2024

Harris got a polling bounce before her convention, not after

Trump got a small boost after the RNC, but Harris's candidacy reset the race.

August 30, 2024

How the latest economic shifts could affect the presidential race

538's Galen Druke and Jeanna Smialek from The New York Times talk about potential economic changes that could impact how people vote in the 2024 presidential election.

August 30, 2024

How are Harris and Trump talking about the economy? | 538 Politics Podcast

Jeanna Smialek from The New York Times discusses how Democrats and Republicans are tackling issues like taxes and more on the campaign trail.

August 30, 2024

Economists are optimistic about the health of the economy | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke speaks with Jeanna Smialek from The New York Times about economic sentiment data leading up to the 2024 presidential election.

August 30, 2024

How did Democrats talk about issues at a DNC devoted to ideals?

The party played to its strengths on issues like abortion rights and democracy.

August 28, 2024

How 538 is adjusting our election model for Harris versus Trump

We simplified our model and made it more responsive to polling.

August 28, 2024

3 reasons why racist attacks on Harris could backfire

Data and research suggest they could cost Trump support.

August 27, 2024

What can Washington state's primary tell us about November? | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke and Geoffrey Skelley talk about how Washington state's primary results could be an indication of a shift toward Democrats in the national House vote.

August 27, 2024

Can RFK Jr. win a contingent election? | 538 Politics Podcast

The 538 team discusses the likelihood of independent candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. winning a contingent election, following his exit from the 2024 presidential race.

August 27, 2024

How public opinion has changed from previous elections | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke and Geoffrey Skelley discuss Vice President Kamala Harris's differences from Hillary Clinton’s 2016 campaign.

August 27, 2024

What can Washington's primary tell us about the fight for the House majority?

Democrats could lose a seat in the Evergreen State but make national gains.

August 26, 2024

Harris says she will 'fight for America's future' on final night of the DNC | 538

The crew reacts to the final night of the Democratic National Convention.

August 23, 2024

Chicago's young voters talk 2024 presidential election at the DNC

538 senior elections analyst Nathaniel Rakich speaks with three young voters from Chicago as the 2024 Democratic National Convention takes place.

August 21, 2024

The Obamas dominate night 2 of the DNC | 538 Politics Podcast

The crew reacts to night two of the Democratic National Convention

August 21, 2024

Do voters know what Harris stands for? | 538 Politics Podcast

538's Galen Druke discusses Harris' policy positions, or the lack thereof, with senior elections analyst Geoffrey Skelley, and whether this could be an advantage for her.

August 19, 2024

How much influence does Harris have on Biden's policies? | 538 Politics Podcast

538 senior elections analyst Geoffrey Skelley talks to Galen Druke about how Kamala Harris is set to establish her own presence outside of President Joe Biden as the 2024 DNC begins.

August 19, 2024

Who are presidential delegates and what are their roles?

538 senior elections analyst Nathaniel Rakich explains the role of delegates and how they're selected as the 2024 DNC kicks off in Chicago.

August 19, 2024

Greetings from the 2024 DNC in Chicago

538’s Nathaniel Rakich takes a look at the history of political conventions in the Windy City.

August 19, 2024

How do voters pick a candidate? | 538 Politics Podcast

Carlos Odio, co-founder of Equis Research, discusses what questions voters consider when going to the polls.

August 16, 2024

How important is the border for Latino voters? | 538 Politics Podcast

Carlos Odio, co-founder of Equis Research, and 538's Galen Druke talk about the importance of Vice President Kamala Harris clarifying her stance on issues like immigration.

August 16, 2024

Democratic support among Latino voters has shifted since Biden dropped out

538's Galen Druke talks to Carlos Odio, co-founder of Equis Research, about a possible shift in Latino voters toward Vice President Kamala Harris.

August 16, 2024

UPDATED Sep. 26, 2024, at 2:16 PM

Who Is Favored To Win The 2024 Presidential Election?

538 uses polling, economic and demographic data to explore likely election outcomes.

Harris wins 56 times out of 100
in our simulations of the 2024 presidential election.
Trump wins 44 times out of 100.
Harris
 
 
Trump
 
 
No winner
+
 
 
 simulations
Harris wins
Trump wins
No winner
Electoral vote margin

What are the latest national polls influencing the forecast?

We adjust polls for house effects, mode, partisanship, voter likelihood and third parties and weight them based on their firm’s 538 pollster rating and how often it polls.

DatesPollster
Sponsor
538 Pollster RatingResultNet result
Sept. 21-24
2.9
Harris
49%
46%
Trump
Harris +3
Sept. 18-24
No rating
Harris
51%
49%
Trump
Harris +2
Sept. 21-23
2.8
Harris
50%
44%
Trump
Harris +6
Sept. 20-22
2.8
Harris
50%
44%
Trump
Harris +6
Sept. 20-22
1.8
Harris
50%
45%
Trump
Harris +5
Sept. 19-22
2.8
Harris
47%
48%
Trump
Trump +1
Sept. 19-22
No rating
Harris
48%
47%
Trump
Harris +1
Sept. 18-20
2.9
Harris
52%
48%
Trump
Harris +4
Sept. 17-19
1.8
Harris
50%
46%
Trump
Harris +4
Sept. 16-19
2.3
Harris
50%
48%
Trump
Harris +2
Dates
Pollster
Sponsor
538 Pollster Rating
Result
Net result
Sept. 21-24
2.9
49%
46%
Harris +3
Sept. 18-24
No rating
51%
49%
Harris +2
Sept. 21-23
2.8
50%
44%
Harris +6
Sept. 20-22
2.8
50%
44%
Harris +6
Sept. 20-22
1.8
50%
45%
Harris +5
Sept. 19-22
2.8
47%
48%
Trump +1
Sept. 19-22
No rating
48%
47%
Harris +1
Sept. 18-20
2.9
52%
48%
Harris +4
Sept. 17-19
1.8
50%
46%
Harris +4
50%
48%
Harris +2

Latest updates

LAST UPDATED Sept. 24

Our latest forecast shows a toss-up race between Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump. Harris has a 55-in-100 chance of winning the majority of Electoral College votes, according to our model on Tuesday, Sept. 24 at 6 p.m. Eastern. That’s barely better than a coin flip! Slim margins in the swing states make this cycle’s presidential race the closest in decades — the outcome could be closer than in any election in nearly 150 years.

Our update reflects tightening in both state and national polls. This Monday’s surveys from The New York Times/Siena College shifted our priors away from the big post-debate bounce that had been evident for Harris in other mid-to-late September polls. And on Tuesday, polls from Quinnipiac University and YouGov showed a race tighter than in their last readings. Our model is also picking up moderate mode effects now in online polls, discounting Harris by about a point in the polls that she appears to be doing systematically better in compared to other modes. All that adds up to a close race — and one where it’s important to look at all the new data and shifting trends carefully and seriously.

538’s forecast is based on a combination of polls and campaign “fundamentals,” such as economic conditions, state partisanship and incumbency. It’s not meant to “call” a winner, but rather to give you a sense of how likely each candidate is to win. Check out our methodology to learn exactly how we calculate these probabilities.

—G. Elliott Morris

How has the forecast changed over time?

The forecast updates at least once a day and whenever we get new data. Uncertainty will decrease as we get closer to Election Day.

Who’s favored to win each state?

Number of electoral votes and the probability of a Democratic or Republican win in each state. Outlined states are most likely to give the winner their 270th Electoral College vote.

Hover over a state to see its forecast
State Name
XX EVs
Chance of a win
XX out of 100 Harris win
XX out of 100 Trump win
Solid D
≥98 in 100%
Likely D
≥75 in 100%
Lean D
≥60 in 100%
Toss-up
Both <60 in 100%
Lean R
≥60 in 100%
Likely R
≥75 in 100%
Solid R
≥98 in 100%
Chance of a win based on 538’s forecast
Likeliest tipping-point states
Maine and Nebraska’s congressional districts are shown separately because those states split their Electoral College votes, allotting two to the statewide winner and one to the winner of each district.

What are the closest races?

Use the table below to sort states by name, forecasted margin of victory or two different metrics of how much influence they have over the outcome.

A state’s tipping-point chance is the probability it will give the Electoral College winner their 270th electoral vote. The Voter Power Index (VPI) is a relative measure of how likely an individual voter in that state is to determine the outcome of the election.

Median
95% of outcomes fall in this range
State
Forecasted margin of victory
Vote share
VPI
Tipping point
State
Forecasted margin of victory

A state’s tipping-point chance is the probability it will give the Electoral College winner their 270th electoral vote. The Voter Power Index (VPI) is a relative measure of how likely an individual voter in that state is to determine the outcome of the election.

What does the path to 270 look like?

Our “snake” chart orders the states by forecasted margin of victory. Scroll to the left or right to see uncompetitive states; more contested states are in the middle. Bigger segments mean more Electoral College votes.

Zoom out

What do the polls or fundamentals alone say?

Our forecast is based on a combination of the polls and various economic and political variables we call the “fundamentals.” This chart shows how we get from the polls today to a forecast for Election Day.

Median
95% of outcomes fall in this range
Margin of victory
Polling averages
Polling averages

Polling average

The state of public opinion today, according only to 538’s average of national polls.

Adjusted polling average

The national polling average adjusted for results of state polls and the effects of party conventions.

Forecast components
Weight

Forecast of polling average on Election Day

The adjusted polling average with uncertainty intervals that account for potential movement in the race between now and Election Day. This does not account for the chance that the polls systematically underestimate one candidate.

00

Fundamentals-only forecast

What our fundamentals model alone would predict the popular vote margin to be.

00

Full forecast

Our final forecast of the popular vote, based on a weighted average of the polls and fundamentals using the weights above. This accounts for the chance that the polls systematically underestimate one candidate.

Forecast components may not exactly add up to full forecast because of rounding and random sampling. (When combining the components, we take a random sample of simulations from each, and they may not exactly match the full sample of simulations.)

Unusual and not-so-unusual scenarios

The probability of each outcome below, according to our simulations.

Harris wins an Electoral College landslide (350+ electoral votes)20 out of 100
Trump wins an Electoral College landslide (350+ electoral votes)5 out of 100
Harris wins the Electoral College with <350 electoral votes34 out of 100
Trump wins the Electoral College with <350 electoral votes38 out of 100
Harris wins the national popular vote69 out of 100
Trump wins the national popular vote31 out of 100
Harris wins the national popular vote by 10+ percentage points13 out of 100
Trump wins the national popular vote by 10+ percentage points2 out of 100
Harris wins the popular vote but loses the Electoral College14 out of 100
Trump wins the popular vote but loses the Electoral College<1 out of 100
No candidate wins a majority of Electoral College votes<1 out of 100
Every state votes for the same party that it did in 20201 out of 100
Election is decided by a recount (winner's margin is <0.5% in a decisive state)6 out of 100
Election is decided by a smaller margin than the vote share for third-party candidates<1 out of 100
Harris wins at least one state Biden didn't win in 202055 out of 100
Trump wins at least one state he didn't win in 202078 out of 100

Credits

How this works

Contact us

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Sources: American National Election Studies, The American Presidency Project at the University of California Santa Barbara, Ballotpedia, Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, Federal Election Commission, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, MIT Election Data and Science Lab, Our Campaigns, polls, The Roper Center, state election websites, U.S. Census Bureau, University of Michigan Survey Research Center, VoteSmart